Traditionally, Advent has two main focuses:
Preparation for the Nativity: remembering and celebrating Christ’s first coming in Bethlehem.
Readiness for Christ’s Second Coming: reflecting on Christ’s return at the end of time.
This dual emphasis is reflected in the readings and prayers of the Advent liturgy.
Over time, various symbolic traditions developed:
Advent wreath (originating in Germany in the Middle Ages), with four candles representing hope, peace, joy, and love.
Advent calendars (19th-century German tradition) used to count down the days to Christmas.
O Antiphons (dating back at least to the 8th century), chanted from December 17–23.
Today, Advent remains a season of:
Waiting
Preparation
Hope
Renewal
Its tone balances penitential elements (purple vestments, focus on conversion) with a growing sense of anticipatory joy as Christmas approaches.